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Application of Food Additive Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum) in Baking

Application of Food Additive Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum) in Baking

Improve the hardness of water

Water is one of the four basic raw materials for bread processing. The water requires moderate hardness which is 8-16 degrees. Because the presence of calcium and magnesium in the hard water will strengthen the toughness of the gluten, making the bread feel rough, and make bread fermentation time longer. Soft water will make the dough too soft, sticky, shorten the fermentation time which makes bread easy to collapse. Hard water can be added in sodium carbonate to moderate softening; soft water can be added in calcium sulfate to increase the hardness which can increase gluten, improve the dough holding capacity, making bread bulky and loose.

Adjust the dough’s pH, provide yeast growth environment, improve enzyme activity

Calcium sulfate and other inorganic salts can adjust the pH value of the water, so that the yeast can grow in the optimum pH 5-6 environment. When the calcium ions in the dough reaches a certain concentration, the α-amylase can maintain proper conformation to maintain its maximum activity and stability. The α-amylase can break down the long chain of starch and decompose it into dextrin and a small amount of oligosaccharides, maltose and glucose which can provide carbon source for the yeast to produce CO2, so that the bread volume increases.

As a yeast food

Yeast plays an important role in the production of breads such as bread, pastries, etc., and its effects are as follows: biological bulking; dough gluten spread; produce volatile organic so that bread has a special scent and so on. Calcium sulfate as an inorganic salt for yeast growth can provide the sulfur and calcium nutrient elements needed for yeast growth and reproduction. These elements are mainly used as the structure of yeast cells, sulfur as the constituent of yeast protein, calcium is the second messenger of yeast cells and the base of a variety of active protein. It is also helpful for the penetration of nutrients into the cells. At present, the bread additives contain ammonium and calcium salts as yeast food to promote the propagation and fermentation of yeast.

Nutrition enhancer

 Calcium sulfate as a flour calcium enhancer is widely used. According to the existing data (chemical, biochemical, toxicology, etc.), calcium sulfate in food additives has very low toxicity as food substances.

食品添加劑硫酸鈣（石膏）在烘焙中的應(yīng)用

改善水的硬度

     水是面包加工的四大基礎(chǔ)原料之一，面包加工用水要求硬度應(yīng)適中，即8—16度。過硬水中鈣、鎂離子的存在會強(qiáng)化面筋的韌性，使面包口感變得粗糙，并使面包發(fā)酵時間延長；而過軟水會使面團(tuán)過于柔軟、發(fā)黏，縮短發(fā)酵時間，面包易塌陷。對過硬的水可采取加碳酸鈉沉淀等方法進(jìn)行適度軟化；過軟的水可通過添加微量硫酸鈣等方法來增加硬度，有利于增加面筋筋性，提高面團(tuán)的持氣性，使得面包膨松和疏松。

調(diào)節(jié)面團(tuán)的pH值，提供酵母生長環(huán)境，提高酶活性。

硫酸鈣等無機(jī)鹽可以調(diào)節(jié)水的pH值，使酵母在最適pH 5—6的環(huán)境中生長，充分發(fā)揮酵母活性。當(dāng)面團(tuán)中鈣離子達(dá)到一定濃度時，可使α-淀粉酶保持適當(dāng)?shù)臉?gòu)象，從而可以維持其最大的活性與穩(wěn)定性，α-淀粉酶可將淀粉的長鏈斷開，分解為糊精和少量低聚糖、麥芽糖和葡萄糖。可供酵母碳源以產(chǎn)生CO₂，使面包體積增大^[5]。

作為酵母的食料

酵母在面包、糕點(diǎn)等需要發(fā)酵處理的面團(tuán)生產(chǎn)中占有重要的地位，其作用很多如：生物膨松作用；面團(tuán)面筋擴(kuò)展作用；產(chǎn)生揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物使面包具有特殊的香味等。硫酸鈣作為酵母生長所需的無機(jī)鹽可提供酵母生長繁殖所需的硫、鈣營養(yǎng)元素，這些元素主要作為酵母細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)，硫作為酵母蛋白質(zhì)的組成成分，鈣是酵母細(xì)胞中第二信使也是多種活性蛋白質(zhì)的輔基。同樣還能產(chǎn)生滲透作用，有利于營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)滲透進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)。目前國內(nèi)外研制的面包添加劑都含有銨鹽和鈣鹽等酵母食料，以促進(jìn)酵母的繁殖和發(fā)酵[5]。

營養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑

 同樣硫酸鈣作為面粉的鈣強(qiáng)化劑普遍適用，硫酸鈣根據(jù)已有的資料（化學(xué)、生物化學(xué)、毒理學(xué)等）在食品添加劑中屬于毒性極低的食品物質(zhì)。